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Note that there is a difference in using the abbreviation between a narrative and a parenthetical citation. If the reference has a group author, use it in place of the author’s name. Parenthetical: (Towers et al., 2018) Group author

Parenthetical: (Author Surname et al., Publication Year) If the number of authors is three or more, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” in both narrative and parenthetical citations. Parenthetical: (Kleanthous & Williams, 2013) Three or more authors Narrative: Kleanthous and Williams (2013) Parenthetical: (Author Surname1 & Author Surname2, Publication Year) Narrative: Author Surname1 and Author Surname2 (Publication Year) However, use an ampersand symbol in parenthetical citations. The surnames of the first author and the second author are separated by “and” in narrative citations. Parenthetical: (Hannula, 2006) Two authors Parenthetical: (Author Surname, Publication Year) Narrative: Author Surname (Publication Year) Examples of in-text citations: One author It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (e.g., the significance of Indian women Sivasankar, 2007, p. However, when a citation appears along with some text in parenthesis, use a semicolon as a separator. It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (see Sivasankar, 2007, p. It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (Sivasankar, 2007, p. These are illustrated in the below examples: Phrases or words such as “for more information, see,” “see,” and “e.g.,” can also be used in parenthetical citations. If you want to add any additional information in a parenthetical citation, provide the information after the year with a comma as a separator. It was concluded to release the oil and natural gas industry guidelines (IPIECA, 2007). It is argued that education for women is important to develop a nation (Sivasankar, 2007).

In parenthetical citations, a comma separates the author from the publication year. Parenthetical citations are used when both the name of the author or the organization and the year of publication appear inside parenthesis. Notice that only the publication year is enclosed in parenthesis for narrative citations. IPIECA (2007) released the oil and natural gas industry guidelines. Sivasankar (2007) argues that education for women is important to develop a nation. This type of citation is used when the name of the author or the organization and the year of publication are incorporated into the text and act as a part of the sentence. Parenthetical citations Narrative citation There are two types of in-text citations: You must choose the appropriate type depending upon how you construct your sentence. However, it is not necessary to follow the same type of citation throughout the paper. Two types of in-text citations are used in APA style. Publication year Types of in-text citationsĪPA citation follows the author–date system. To provide in-text citations, you must have the following two important elements: They are used in the text to indicate to the reader that complete information of the citations referred to is available in the reference list, which will enable the reader to locate or access the sources being cited. In-text citations are a brief version of citations that are used to provide information about the sources being referred to by the author.